Blindly Detecting Merging Supermassive Black Holes with Radio Surveys

Supermassive black holes presumably grow through numerous mergers throughout cosmic time. During each merger, supermassive black hole binaries are surrounded by a circumbinary accretion disk that imposes a significant (∼ 10G for a binary of 10M⊙) magnetic field. The motion of the binary through that field will convert the field energy to Poynting flux, with a luminosity ∼ 10 erg s (B/10G)(M/10M⊙), some of which may emerge as synchrotron emission at frequencies near 1GHz where current and planned wide-field radio surveys will operate. We find that the short timescales of many mergers will limit their detectability with most planned blind surveys to < 1 per year over the whole sky, independent of the details of the emission process and flux distribution. Including an optimistic estimate for the radio flux makes detection even less likely, with < 0.1 mergers per year over the whole sky. However, wide-field radio instruments may be able to localize systems identified in advance of merger by gravitational waves. Further, radio surveys may be able to detect the weaker emission produced by the binary’s motion as it is modulated by spin-orbit precession and inspiral well in advance of merger. Subject headings: black hole physics—cosmology: observations—radio continuum: general—surveys